refMLST: reference-based multilocus sequence typing enables universal bacterial typing

Background Commonly used approaches for genomic investigation of bacterial outbreaks, including SNP and gene-by-gene approaches, are limited by the requirement for background genomes and curated allele schemes, respectively. As a result, they only work on a select subset of known organisms, and fail on novel or less studied pathogens. We introduce refMLST, a gene-by-gene approach using the reference genome of a bacterium to form a scalable, reproducible and robust method to perform outbreak investigation. Results When applied to multiple outbreak causing bacteria including 1263 Salmonella enterica , 331 Yersinia enterocolitica and 6526 Campylobacter jejuni genomes, refMLST enabled consistent clustering, improved resolution, and faster processing in comparison to commonly used tools like chewieSnake. Conclusions refMLST is a novel multilocus sequence typing approach that is applicable to any bacterial species with a public reference genome, does not require a curated scheme, and automatically accounts for genetic recombination. Availability and implementation : refMLST is freely available for academic use at https://bugseq.com/academic .