A comprehensive train model for energy-efficient driving has been developed that takes into account user-defined driving styles, trajectory planners, and other constraints like adhesion limitations and comfort acceleration.The model comprises the electrical traction components and a steady-state HVAC model.It can also simulate coasting and dynamic braking based on requirements.There is also a generic battery model to simulate the battery powered train.It also has a track infrastructure raw data pre-processor to define the track information required for simulations.This model is a useful tool to conduct parametric studies about energy-efficient train operations, spatio-temporal power demands, battery-powered operations, and timetable requirements.More features, like hybrid-powered source trains and metaheuristic optimization algorithms, will enhance the capabilities of this model.
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Kapoor et al. (2024) studied this question.
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