Child abuse, neglect, and non-accidental injury: challenging diagnoses in paediatric emergency and critical care

2][3][4] Alarm bells of suspicion should be raised in any cases involving unexplained collapse of an infant, a history that keeps changing or is incompatible with injury severity, the presence of injuries inconsistent with the child's developmental age, delayed presentation, and inappropriate interactions or levels of concern exhibited by the caregiver towards the child.Suspicion should also be raised in cases that involve physical findings of cerebral haemorrhages, fractures, retinal haemorrhages, bruises, or burns.In our medical practice, we have managed several cases that encompassed intriguing and recurring issues related to child abuse, neglect, and non-accidental injury (NAI).Here, we highlight relevant diagnostic challenges and propose an approach for managing these cases.