A revisit of the circular law

Consider a complex random n n matrix Xₙ= (x₈₉) ₍ ₍, whose entries x₈₉ are independent random variables with zero means and unit variances. It is well-known that Tao and Vu (Ann Probab 38: 2023-2065, 2010) resolved the circular law conjecture, establishing that if the x₈₉'s are independent and identically distributed random variables with zero mean and unit variance, the empirical spectral distribution of 1n Xₙ converges almost surely to the uniform distribution over the unit disk in the complex plane as n. This paper demonstrates that the circular law still holds under the more general Lindeberg's condition: 1n²₈, ₉=₁ⁿE|x₈₉²|I (|x₈₉|>) 0, as n. This paper is a revisit of the proof procedure of the circular law by Bai in (Ann Probab 25: 494-529, 1997). The key breakthroughs in the paper are establishing a general strong law of large numbers under Lindeberg's condition and the uniform upper bound for the integral with respect to the smallest eigenvalues of random matrices. These advancements significantly streamline and clarify the proof of the circular law, offering a more direct and simplified approach than other existing methodologies.