A study of TiO2-enhanced nanofluids in internal combustion engines using neural networks

In this study, the effects of nanoparticle addition to internal combustion engines were investigated. Firstly, engine coolant was prepared by mixing nanoparticles with water in different ratios (0%, 0.15%, 0.3%, 0.5% and 0.6%). Nanoparticles were investigated by SEM and XRD techniques. Then, the prepared coolants with different ratios of nanoparticles were tested on the engine at different loads (2.5 kW, 3.8 kW, 6 kW, 9 kW and 10 kW), and their heat transfer performances were investigated. Then, an ANN model was trained using the results, and the optimal TiO