Enhancing Noise, Vibration, and Harshness Characteristics and Cooling Performance in IC Engines: A Review of Nanoparticle

The increasing demand for energy-efficient, low-emission, and sustainabletransportation has promoted research on nanoparticle-based technologies for internal combustionengines. This review examines recent developments in nanoparticle applications for fuelenhancement, engine cooling, combustion and emission control, NVH, tribology, and AI-basedoptimization. Studies show that nanoparticles such as CeO₂, Al₂O₃, TiO₂, ZnO, CuO, CNTs, andFe₃O₄ improve fuel properties, combustion efficiency, heat transfer, and lubrication. Nanoparticleadditives generally enhance brake thermal efficiency, reduce brake-specific fuel consumption, anddecrease CO, HC, and smoke emissions, although NOx may increase under certain conditions.Nanofluids containing Al₂O₃, TiO₂, and CuO improve thermal conductivity and heat transfer,offering potential for efficient and compact engine cooling. Nanoparticle-enhanced lubricants alsoreduce friction, wear, and vibration, improving engine durability and NVH performance. AI andoptimization techniques such as Response Surface Methodology, Genetic Algorithms, and machinelearning further assist in determining optimum engine operating conditions. However, challengesincluding nanoparticle agglomeration, stability, viscosity, production cost, and environmentalimpacts remain. Overall, nanoparticle-based technologies combined with advanced optimizationmethods offer considerable potential for improving engine efficiency, emission characteristics,thermal management, and sustainability. Further research is required to establish optimalnanoparticle concentrations, long-term stability, economic feasibility, and environmental safety forpractical applications..