RPL-eSOA: Enhancing IoT network sustainability with RPL and enhanced sandpiper optimization algorithm

The internet of things (IoT) encompasses extensive networks of interconnected devices, playing a crucial role in various applications. However, managing these networks presents significant challenges, particularly in cluster head selection, which is critical for energy efficiency and sustainability. To eradicate these challenges, this paper combines the capability of routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks (RPL) with an enhanced sandpiper optimization algorithm (e-SOA) to dynamically optimize network configurations. This combination, termed RPL-eSOA, improves energy management and extends network longevity while maintaining robust communication pathways. Through simulation and comparative analysis, RPL-eSOA demonstrates superior performance in enhancing network lifetime and operational efficiency compared to traditional methods. It achieved a 100% packet delivery ratio (PDR) and significantly reduced latency to 475 ms.