Enhanced Photovoltaic Performance of Lead-Free Cs₂SnI₆ Double Perovskite Solar Cells: SCAPS-1D Simulation and Optimization

This work offers a numerical analysis of a lead-free perovskite photovoltaic solar cell (PSC) utilizing Cs₂SnI₆ as the absorber material, with graphene oxide (GO) as the electron transport layer (ETL) and strontium copper oxide (SrCu₂O₂) as the hole transport layer (HTL). The study further examines the impact of varying the absorber layer’s thickness, the density of defects in the absorber, the thickness measurements for both the ETL and HTL, and the defect densities at the interfaces (SrCu₂O₂/Cs₂SnI₆ and GO/Cs₂SnI₆). Additionally, the influence of operating temperature on the solar cell's output parameters is analyzed. Finally, the optimized solar cell exhibits performance parameters of open circuit voltage (Voc) of 1.32 V, short circuit current density (Jsc) of 28.245 mA/cm², fill factor (FF) of 77.64%, and conversion efficiency (PCE) of 29.11%. The research results provide important new information for designing highly efficient and cost-effective HTL-based PSCs.