The social learning of gender roles: men report lower support for women’s empowerment when in front of their peers

Beliefs about gender roles are widely understood to be acquired via social learning. However, accounts of gender socialisation remain disconnected from a growing literature on evolved social learning strategies. We implemented a novel field experiment to elucidate how social information on gender is communicated among young men in an urbanising Tanzanian community. Men interviewed in front of their peers reported lower support for women’s empowerment compared to men interviewed privately. We interpret this finding as indicative of conformity bias, with men strategically performing beliefs to match an assumed lack of support for women’s empowerment among their peers. Addressing prestige bias, we also found that men interviewed in front of community elders, assumed to hold relatively patriarchal beliefs, reported relatively low support for women’s empowerment. However, contrary to our expectations, men interviewed in the presence of highly-educated urban men, assumed to be more supportive of women’s empowerment, also reported lower support than when interviewed privately. Supporting qualitative data suggests that our assumptions about our comparison groups may be somewhat naive, with participants emphasising similarity rather than differences between themselves and those from the city. We discuss the implications of our results for our understanding of gender socialisation from an evolutionary perspective