The effect of breathing on CSF is not well understood. Real-time phase-contrast MRI can quantify CSF flow continuously. A time-domain multi-parameter analysis method was developed to quantify the effect of free breathing on CSF. It was found that the cardiac period and the average stroke volume of CSF at second-to-third cervical vertebrae level and at the aqueduct were significantly increased during the expiratory phase, while the net flow of CSF was notably decreased.
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Liu et al. (2024) studied this question.
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