QSM of human kidney remains challenging due to chemical shift and respiratory motion. We utilized a dual-TR based multi-echo gradient echo (GRE) sequence and proposed an in-phase method to solve nonconvex optimization problem in water-fat separation for QSM of human kidney. The kidney QSM data were successfully acquired and calculated in all four volunteers. The kidney QSM implemented in our study could provide valuable imaging markers for the assessment of pathophysiological changes of kidney diseases.
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Mei et al. (2024) studied this question.
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