Non-proton (23Na) MRI studies have measured greater body tissue (skin) sodium concentration in disorders such as hypertension, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease, but literature values of ~15 mM are well below the 77 mM from atomic absorption spectroscopy. Previous studies have used gradient-echo imaging with long TE=2 ms, knee volume-coils, and large 3×3×30=270 mm3 voxels. Here, short TE=0.1 ms twisted projection imaging is used, and signal loss is progressively lowered with surface coil imaging, reshaped 0.4x4x4 = 6.4 mm3 voxels, and lower 60o flip-angle excitation, ultimately yielding 42 mM calf skin measurement in 10 young adults.
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Zhu et al. (2024) studied this question.
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