The increasing demand for renewable energy has spotlighted solar power as a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels. This study provides a comprehensive assessment of the energy conversion efficiency of silicon-based, dye-sensitized, and organic photovoltaic cells under varying environmental conditions. Utilizing a solar simulator, the performance of each cell type was characterized by measuring current-voltage (I-V) characteristics and quantum efficiency under different temperatures, light intensities, and spectral distributions. Regression and ANOVA analysis were used to determine the significance of these factors on power conversion efficiency (PCE). The result showed that silicon-based cells achieved the highest PCE of 19.01% under optimal conditions, while dye-sensitized and organic cells peaked at 8.56% and 6.41%, respectively. The study highlighted the critical impact of environmental factors on efficiency, emphasizing the need for tailored optimization strategies. These findings offer practical insights for the deployment of solar cells in diverse climates, supporting advancements
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