Nanoparticulated Vanadium Oxide on BiVO₄ for Boosting Photoelectrochemical Glycerol Oxidation

Hydrogen (H 2 ) has been spotlighted as ideal energy carrier due to its relatively higher energy density compared to fossil fuel and no carbon emissions during the energy generation. However, most of current produced H 2 comes from as byproducts in fossil fuel reforming processes. To reduce dependence on fossil fuel in the H 2 production process, photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting is considered as promising strategy for producing H 2 using sustainable resources. Nevertheless, the insufficient efficiency in PEC water oxidation oxygen evolution reaction (OER) has limited overall PEC water splitting system efficiency due to its relatively high oxidation potential and sluggish catalytic kinetics. Furthermore, the low value of generated oxygen has been pointed out as obstacle from an economic perspective. To overcome these challenges, glycerol, byproduct of biodiesel, has been attracted numerous attentions as PEC oxidation resource since it has three hydroxyl groups and relatively lower oxidation potential than OER. Furthermore, glycerol oxygenated value-added products like dihydroxyacetone (DHA) can improve economics of PEC hydrogen production system. Upon these strengths, PEC glycerol oxidation reaction (GOR) provides improved strategy that generates value-added products in anodic part and green energy source (H 2 ) in cathodic part simultaneously, which can replace PEC water splitting. Bismuth vanadate (BiVO 4 ) is one of the most promising transition metal oxide based catalyst for PEC GOR due to its relatively narrow bandgap, high theoretical photocurrent density and deep positive valence band maximum (VBM) position. Additionally, although the surface kinetics of BiVO 4 for OER has been sluggish, it potentially would be advantage for GOR with high production rate. However, the relatively instability of BiVO 4 in acidic electrolyte during operation and lower selectivity of oxygenated products has hindered their practical application in PEC GOR. To solve these problems, introduction of nanoparticles as cocatalysts has been much studied for ameliorating surface kinetics and passivation the surface of photoanode. However, the interface between nanoparticles and photoanode with poor chemical interaction can induce the higher interfacial resistance and slow charge transfer efficiency rather. In this study, we present in-situ vanadium oxide (VO x ) nanoparticle decoration on the surface of BiVO 4 (VO x /BiVO 4 ) via selective etching process using alkaline treatment for enhancing PEC GOR and we report the world best photocurrent density based on BiVO4 photoanode for GOR with high selective DHA production. VO x nanoparticles with an average size of 5 nm by selective etching process using alkaline treatment is decorated on the surface of BiVO 4 . The VO x promotes the surface reaction kinetics via modulating the fermi level and enhanced photovoltage of BiVO 4 and improves long-term stability for GOR by compensation of V 5+ and Bi 3+ , which combines both efficiency and stability. Furthermore, the surface decorated photoanode presents a 6.82 mA/cm 2 (1.34-fold improvement) photocurrent density at 1.23 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) under 1 sun illumination, which has been attributed enhanced catalytic kinetics with upshifted fermi level and photovoltage of BiVO 4 . Moreover, the long-term stability of VO x /BiVO 4 has been exhibited over 10 hours and the high selectivity for DHA is achieved. This study presents insight into the role vanadium of selective etched VO x on the surface of BiVO 4 with low valence state than that of BiVO4 and improving the potential of BiVO 4 based catalyst as GOR photoanode for high selective value-added DHA production using solar energy.