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The catastrophic results of climate change and energy crisis, such as the rise in wildfires, floods, and ecosystem disruptions highlight the critical need of urgent and innovative global-scale solutions for carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) removal (CDR). Ocean-based CDR methods, leveraging the ocean's capacity as a large sink to sequester up to 30% of emissions, offer a great promise. Yet, implementing and testing marine CO 2 removal (mCDR) techniques such as ocean iron fertilization (OIF) or ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) face significant challenges. To overcome these challenges, a novel self-operating electrochemical technology is designed and presented in this work. The proposed technology, namely electrochemical OIF (EOIF), does not only combine OIF and OAE, but also recovers hydrogen gas (H 2 ) from seawater, offering a promising solution for achieving quantifiable and transparent large-scale mCDR. The EOIF design s focused on employing Fe/Fe-producing anodes to eliminate the production of acids at the anode in traditional electrochemical OAE systems and replace it with Fe release, where the cathode can be made from naturally abundant cost-effective materials, such as carbon. The obtained results show that the EOIF system can be implemented to increase both the concentration of ferrous iron (Fe +2 ) by 0-0.5 mg/L, and the seawater pH by 8% ( i.e. , 25% decrease in the hydrogen ions concentration). It also offers the flexibility to optimize the release of iron (Fe +2 /Fe +3 ) by adjusting the magnitude of the electric current in the systems, as well as by optimizing the electrode material and geometry. In certain ocean regions, enhanced iron concentrations stimulate the naturally occurring biological carbon pump (BCP), leading to increased phytoplankton growth, CO 2 uptake, and subsequent export of carbon to the deep ocean. Simultaneously, the system increases seawater alkalinity and the buffer capacity, enhancing CO 2 solubility and storage in the shallow ocean through the solubility pump. The techno-economic assessment shows that the combined advantages of the EOIF system can lower the mCDR cost by more than 95% compared to the traditional methods. The obtained measurements demonstrate the scalability of EOIF and its ability to operate using solar energy at a lower cost. Overall, the proposed EOIF technology offers a practical, effective, and sustainable solution for addressing climate change and energy recovery on a large-scale.
Taqieddin et al. (Fri,) studied this question.