Answers are grounded in this paper and cite their sources.
Football, as the most popular sport worldwide, has long been under suspicion of causing varus knee alignment as early as adolescence. However, no causal relationship has yet been found. The first step to do so would be to determine the prevalence of lower leg malalignment among male junior football players depending on age, performance level and the number of active seasons played.
No takes yet. Share an insight, caveat, or question.
Memmel et al. (2024) studied this question.
Synapse has enriched 10 related papers. Consider them for comparative context: