Application of a path-based ridesharing user equilibrium model of drivers matching passengers from multiple OD pairs to smart city

In the last decade, due to the rapid development of GPS, electronic payment, and other technologies, as well as the popularity of smartphones, ridesharing has gradually emerged among people. This paper aims to investigate a new pathbased ridesharing user equilibrium model to research 'ridesharing'. The travelers in this model include three travel modes: solo drivers, ridesharing drivers, and ridesharing passengers. In our model, a ridesharing driver can share a ride with passengers from multiple different OD pairs during the entire journey, and these passengers are not meet in this car. Meanwhile, each passenger is carried by only a ridesharing driver throughout the entire travel. Moreover, we optimize functions of travel cost to make it more realistic in our model. Finally, some numerical experiments are provided to illustrate the effectiveness and characteristics of our model. It is shown that: (1) Compared with other models, our model has lower generalized cost. (2) By inducing drivers to drive on the new roadways, the network may create a paradox.