Predicting intraoperative major blood loss in microsurgery for brain arteriovenous malformations

Intraoperative blood loss poses a great challenge for brain arteriovenous malformation (AVM) microsurgery, although systematic researches are still lacking. This study aimed to identify factors predicting intraoperative major blood loss in brain AVM microsurgery and to investigate its impact on patient outcome. To deal with the fierce bleeding, we introduced a modified hemostatic method, bone-wax (BW) coated bipolar electrocoagulation.