Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major health concern worldwide, particularly in regions like South Punjab, Pakistan. Anemia and hypocalcemia are common in CKD, but their link to disease severity is not well understood in this area. CKD is marked by kidney damage or a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) under 60 ml/min/1.73 m² for over three months, leading to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The prevalence of CKD ranges from 10.6% in Nepal to 23.3% in Pakistan, underscoring the need for better management. Objective: This study examined the correlation between anemia, serum calcium levels, and CKD severity among patients in South Punjab, Pakistan. Methods: Conducted at the Multan Institute of Kidney Diseases, this cross-sectional study involved 2,327 CKD patients (1,437 males, 890 females). Hemoglobin and serum calcium levels were measured and correlated with CKD stages. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 25. Results: A significant inverse relationship was found between CKD severity and both hemoglobin and serum calcium levels. Advanced CKD stages showed lower levels of hemoglobin and calcium. ANOVA showed significant variance across CKD stages (p < 0.001), with positive correlations between calcium and hemoglobin (Pearson coefficients: 0.443 in males, 0.321 in females). Conclusion: Hemoglobin and serum calcium levels are valuable biomarkers for CKD progression, aiding early intervention and management in resource-limited settings.
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Haji et al. (2024) studied this question.
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