The Internet has historically been built on the assumption of a smart edge and a dumb network. This design philosophy is also reflected in end-to-end Internet congestion control. The stability and general fairness of the current Internet are heavily reliant on end hosts implementing congestion control algorithms (CCAs) correctly. Maintaining fairness between flows on the Internet with end-host-based algorithms is a hard problem. Even when the Internet was dominated by a homogeneous mix of loss-based AIMD CCAs, unfairness was an issue between flows with different RTTs [11]. While some delay-based algorithms were able to achieve RTT fairness, they became susceptible to unfairness arising from a late-comer advantage [1].
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Mishra et al. (2024) studied this question.
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