Advancing horizons in remote sensing: a comprehensive survey of deep learning models and applications in image classification and beyond

Abstract In recent years, deep learning has significantly reshaped numerous fields and applications, fundamentally altering how we tackle a variety of challenges. Areas such as natural language processing (NLP), computer vision, healthcare, network security, wide-area surveillance, and precision agriculture have leveraged the merits of the deep learning era. Particularly, deep learning has significantly improved the analysis of remote sensing images, with a continuous increase in the number of researchers and contributions to the field. The high impact of deep learning development is complemented by rapid advancements and the availability of data from a variety of sensors, including high-resolution RGB, thermal, LiDAR, and multi-/hyperspectral cameras, as well as emerging sensing platforms such as satellites and aerial vehicles that can be captured by multi-temporal, multi-sensor, and sensing devices with a wider view. This study aims to present an extensive survey that encapsulates widely used deep learning strategies for tackling image classification challenges in remote sensing. It encompasses an exploration of remote sensing imaging platforms, sensor varieties, practical applications, and prospective developments in the field.