Biopreservation and the Safety of Fish and Fish Products, the Case of Lactic Acid Bacteria: A Basic Perspective

Through fishing and aquaculture activities, humans have access to fish, which are a basic food source in the diet due to their nutritional value. Fish are widely distributed and commercialized worldwide in different products (e.g., whole fresh, filleted, sliced, frozen, dried, smoked, salted, and canned fish, among others). Because of their composition and nutritional value, fish are highly susceptible to spoilage and contamination, mainly by microorganisms, compromising their safety, shelf life, and availability; therefore, consuming fish can become a risk to public health. Foodborne diseases are considered important global public health problems because of their incidence, consequences, mortality, and negative economic impact on the population. Among the foods commonly associated with foodborne diseases are fish and fish products contaminated by various agents that are harmful to health throughout the food chain. Because of the constant growth of the population and the demand for greater quantities of food, the search for and development of technologies for the generation and availability of fresh, safe food with nutritional and sensorial qualities has increased. This is how biopreservation emerges, which, through the application of lactic acid bacteria and/or metabolites, is positioned as a sustainable, economic, and simple alternative for obtaining fish and fish products and making them available for human and/or animal consumption. Therefore, this work focuses on providing a basic and general perspective and information through the search, collection, and analysis of information in various databases, such as Google Scholar, SciELO, Redalyc, ScienceDirect, and/or institutional repositories, regarding fish production, nutritional properties, foodborne diseases, causal agents, and their associations with fish and fish products. Additionally, this study describes the biopreservation process through the use of lactic acid bacteria and/or metabolites to extend shelf life and promote the safety and nutritional and sensory qualities of fish and fish products intended for human and/or animal consumption.