Exploring black kite (Milvus migrans) dynamics: Seasonal abundance and habitat preferences in an urban gradient

Urban expansion globally has altered biodiversity by transforming urban habitats, leading to habitat loss and changes in ecological systems. Black kites (Milvus migrans) are adaptable raptors across diverse landscapes, from natural to highly urbanized areas. This study focuses on Gujranwala City, Pakistan, a unique habitat offering insights into black kite ecology along an urban gradient. The research assesses seasonal abundance, temperature and humidity impacts, behavioural activities, and habitat preferences of black kites. Results show higher abundance in urban areas, influenced by environmental factors and food availability from anthropogenic sources. Black kites exhibit time-dependent associations with temperature and humidity, especially before sunset. Additionally, a significant correlation is observed between black kite abundance and solid waste components, particularly food and plastic waste, in the urban area. These findings contribute to understanding urban ecology, highlighting the adaptability of black kites to human-modified environments and the potential implications for conservation and management strategies.