The evolution of cooperation with Q-learning: the impact of information perception

The inherent huge complexities in human beings show a remarkable diversity in response to complex surroundings, enabling us to tackle problems from different perspectives. In the realm of cooperation studies, however, existing work assumes that individuals get access to the same kind of information to make their decisions, in contrast to the facts that individuals often perceive differently. Here, within the reinforcement learning framework, we investigate the impact of information perception on the evolution of cooperation in a 2-person scenario when playing the prisoner's dilemma game. We demonstrate that distinctly different evolution processes are observed in three information perception scenarios, revealing that the structure of information significantly affects the emergence of cooperation. Notably, the asymmetric information scenario exhibits a rich dynamical process, including the cooperation emergence, breakdown, and reconstruction, akin to psychological changes in humans. Our findings indicate that the information structure is vital to the emergence of cooperation, shedding new light on establishing mutually stable cooperative relationships and understanding human behavioral complexities in general.