Answers are grounded in this paper and cite their sources.
Absent Pulmonary Valve Syndrome (APVS) is a rare birth defect where the pulmonary valve is missing or underdeveloped. APVS often occurs alongside Tetralogy of Fallot, (TOF) another heart defect.
No takes yet. Share an insight, caveat, or question.
Halloum et al. (2024) studied this question.
Synapse has enriched 10 related papers. Consider them for comparative context: