Gut microbiota promotes macrophage M1 polarization in hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome via regulating intestinal barrier function mediated by butyrate

Background The intestinal-liver axis is associated with various liver diseases. Here, we verified the role of the gut microbiota and macrophage activation in the progression of pyrrolizidine alkaloids-induced hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (PA-HSOS), and explored the possible mechanisms and new treatment options.