Ultra-high temporal resolution 4D angiography using arterial spin labeling with subspace reconstruction

Abstract Purpose To achieve ultra-high temporal resolution non-contrast 4D angiography with improved spatiotemporal fidelity. Methods Continuous data acquisition using 3D golden-angle sampling following an arterial spin labeling preparation allows for flexibly reconstructing 4D dynamic angiograms at arbitrary temporal resolutions. However, k-space data is often temporally “binned” before image reconstruction, negatively affecting spatiotemporal fidelity and limiting temporal resolution. In this work, a subspace was extracted by linearly compressing a dictionary constructed from simulated curves of an angiographic kinetic model. The subspace was used to represent and reconstruct the voxelwise signal timecourse at the same temporal resolution as the data acquisition without temporal binning. Physiological parameters were estimated from the resulting images using a Bayesian fitting approach. A group of 8 healthy subjects were scanned and the in-vivo results reconstructed by different methods were compared. Due to the difficulty of obtaining ground truth 4D angiograms with ultra-high temporal resolution, the in-vivo results were cross-validated with numerical simulations. Results The proposed method enables 4D time-resolved angiography with much higher temporal resolution (14.7 ms) than previously reported (∼50 ms) whilst maintaining high spatial resolution (1.1 mm isotropic). Blood flow dynamics were depicted in greater detail, thin vessel visibility was improved, and the estimated physiological parameters also exhibited more realistic spatial patterns with the proposed method. Conclusion Incorporating a subspace compressed kinetic model into the reconstruction of 4D ASL angiograms notably improved the temporal resolution and spatiotemporal fidelity, which was subsequently beneficial for accurate physiological modeling.