Assessment of Physiological/Toxicological Effects of Camel Milk and Urine on Wistar Rats: A Study on Weight Gain, Haematological, Biochemical, and Histopathological Changes

Study’s Excerpt/Novelty This study comprehensively evaluates the physiological effects of camel milk and urine on Wistar rats, providing new insights into their safety and potential health benefits. It uniquely demonstrates that while camel milk and urine independently show some positive physiological impacts, their combination may induce adverse effects, particularly evident through significant changes in body weight, blood parameters, and histopathological lesions. The findings highlight the importance of assessing the safety and efficacy of traditional remedies in isolation and combination, contributing valuable data to the field of ethnopharmacology and veterinary medicine. Full Abstract This experiment was steered to observe the safety evaluation of camel milk and its urine on the physiological indices of experimental rats. Four groups of twenty Wistar rats each were formed: Group 1 (Control), 2 milk (2 ml/100 g), 3 (2 ml/100 g), and 4 (milk/urine combination). The result showed that all treatment groups experienced a significantly decreased body weight gain across day 1-14, which significantly increased between day 18-21, except for group 4, which decreased significantly. The PVC, RBC, and haemoglobin increased non-significantly in group 2 and decreased in groups 3 and 4. WBC decreased significantly in milk/urine combination compared to other treatment groups. Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, and Monocytes did not show significant alteration across all the treatment groups. ALT decreased non-significantly (p>0.05) in all the treatment groups, while AST showed non-significant increased values in groups 2 and 3 except in group 4, which decreased significantly. Urea and creatinine decreased significantly (p<0.05) in all the treatment groups. Cl- of group 3 decreased significantly (p<0.05), while it increased significantly (p<0.05) in group 4. Na+ showed significantly increased values across all the treatment groups while Bicarbonate decreased significantly in all the treatments. Ca2+ increased non-significantly. Histopathology results showed that group 4 has arrays of lesions compared to those treated separately. There was no observable lesion in these organs in group-2. It can be concluded that camel milk and its urine might have some beneficial effects when dosed separately, but they might predispose to harmful effects when combined.