Regional soundscape modeling of the Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf

The ocean soundscape is a complex superposition of sound from natural and anthropogenic sources. Recent advances in acoustic remote sensing and marine bioacoustics have highlighted how animals use their soundscape and how the background sound levels are influenced by human activities. In this paper, developments in computational ocean acoustics, remote sensing, and oceanographic modeling are combined to generate modelled sound fields at multiple scales in time and space. Source mechanisms include surface shipping, surface wind, and wave fields. A basin scale model is presented and applied to the United States Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf (OCS). For model-data comparison at a single hydrophone location, the model is run for a single receiver position. Environmental and source model uncertainty is included in the site-specific modeling of the soundscape. An inversion of the local sediment type is made for a set of sites in the OCS. After performing this inversion, the qualitative comparison of the modelled sound pressure level (SPL) time series and observed SPL is excellent. The quantitative differences in the mean root mean square error between the model and data is less than 3 dB for most sites and frequencies above 90 Hz.