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July 1, 2024Journal of Athletic TrainingOpen Access

Glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD) in young and asymptomatic elite swimmers

Jacopo Preziosi Standoli Vittorio Candela Marco Bonifazi Stefano Gumina

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Abstract

Glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD) may affect overhead athletes and contribute to shoulder injury.

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Cite This Study

Standoli et al. (2024) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/68e61e05b6db6435875b0946 https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-0263.23

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Synapse has enriched 5 closely related papers on similar clinical questions. Consider them for comparative context:

1Glenohumeral internal rotation deficit: insights into pathologic, clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic characteristics2024 · 6 citations
2A Comparative Study on the Kinetic and Kinematic Characteristics of the Shoulder Complex According to the GIRD in Amateur Baseball Players2025
3Clinical Outcomes and Quality of Literature Addressing Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit: A Systematic Reviewsystematic_review · 2019 · 7 citations
4Influence of glenohumeral internal rotation deficit on shoulder rotation torque in adolescent baseball players: An isokinetic comparative cross-sectional studyCross-Sectional Study · 2026
5Glenohumeral internal rotation deficit after operative treatment of mid-shaft clavicle fractures: a subclinical, scapula-related phenomenonCross-Sectional Study · 2026