In this paper, the design, implementation, and evaluation of a microstrip circular antenna is presented and analyzed. This antenna has two resonant frequencies, which are used in the Global Positioning System (GPS). The antenna was built in a low-cost Printed Circuit Board (PCB) with a FR-4 substrate. The top layer of the PCB includes two slots in the main circular patch, which normally is used in a single carrier reception. The radiation pattern of the antenna shows a wide main lobe in the vertical axis, intending to obtain line-of-sight communication links with five or more GPS satellites.
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Hidalgo-Garcia et al. (2024) studied this question.