The matter of public expenditure on different levels of education for economic growth in EU countries

This paper aims to investigate the effect of public government expenditures on primary, secondary, and higher education on economic growth in 22 European Union (EU) countries for a period of 15 years. Public expenditure on primary and higher education is seen to have a positive or negative impact in countries included in both models, while the impact of public expenditure on secondary education does not appear to be significant in the first model. Hence, in the second model, it is considered half-important. Significant differences were also found between countries with higher GDPs and those with lower GDPs. Countries with higher government expenditures on education seem to matter more, thus leading to better results from the respective clusters. Conversely, levels of education that involve greater government expenditure are less important, while levels that involve less government expenditure are more important.