Rice bran oil rescues cognitive decline in D-galactose-induced aging mice by inhibiting Aβ accumulation and Tau hyperphosphorylation induced oxidative stress and neuroinflammation

nds in RBO could modulate the activities of β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1), mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 (MAPK3), matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP3), and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1), leading to inhibition of Aβ accumulation and Tau protein hyper-phosphorylation. Moreover, RBO reduced Aβ-induced oxidative stress by inhibiting the activity of mouse double minute 2 homolog (MDM2) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein binding protein (CREBBP), and attenuated neuroinflammation by inhibiting the activity of nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2) and reducing Aβ accumulation and Tau protein hyperphosphorylation. Additionally, α-linolenic acid in RBO exhibited inhibitory effects on D-gal-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells through modulation of NOS2, MDM2, ICAM1, and phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (p-ERK1/2). Similarly, stigmastanol inhibited apoptosis in D-gal-induced PC12 cells through the regulation of NOS2. Thus, RBO can be considered as a potential functional food to attenuate AD owing to its multicomponent and multitarget effects.