Powderly and the worker awakening: speaking to the South in 1885

Throughout his 1885 speaking tour across the South, Terence Powderly both respected and challenged the region's color line. Dedicated to growing the Knights of Labor (KOL) membership in the rapidly industrializing South, Powderly asked white and black workers to recognize their common cause in protesting their new wage slavery. Recognizing that the KOL's vision of a cooperative commonwealth depended on a racially unified and enlarged union membership, Powderly pushed the notion of worker equality while respecting the South's views of social inequality. His variegated approach to racial relations at speaking engagements across seven southern states over a four-week period reflected both a pragmatic approach to growing union membership and a moral courage in pressing against the south's racial boundaries.