The Impact Performance of Direction Oriented Forwarding through Advanced Minimum Number of Edge Nodes (DOF- MEN): Enhancing Routing Efficiency in Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs)

Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) depend on effective routing protocols to ensure reliable data transmission. This paper explores two innovative approaches: Selective Edge Node Forwarding (SENF) Protocol and Direction Oriented Forwarding Through Minimum Number of Edge Nodes (DOF-MEN) Protocol, both designed to enhance routing efficiency in MANETs. SENF minimizes routing overhead by selectively choosing edge nodes for data forwarding, building upon Location Aided Routing (LAR) and Energy Efficient Location Aided Routing (EELAR) protocols. This approach significantly reduces routing messages, improving throughput and packet delivery ratio. Similarly, the DOF-MEN protocol also focuses on reducing routing overhead by selecting the minimum number of edge nodes for forwarding data, further streamlining the routing process. Both protocols address the challenges of MANETs, such as performance loss due to signal blockages and fluctuations, by enhancing routing efficiency. Simulation and analysis using Network Simulator 2 (NS2) demonstrate that propagation models significantly influence the performance of MANET routing protocols. Both SENF and DOF-MEN show improved efficiency and reliability, making them promising solutions for future wireless ad hoc networks.