A Green Approach: Syzygium aromaticum Mediated Synthesis of CuO Nanoparticles with Potential for Wastewater Treatment

The growing demand for environmentally sustainable and economically viable techniques for synthesizing nanoparticles is driving the advancement of green nanotechnology. This study presents an innovative approach for synthesizing copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) by utilizing an extract derived from Syzygium aromaticum. The XRD analysis verified the reliable synthesis of CuO, as indicated by the presence of the monoclinic phase and the extremely small crystallite size of 7.89 nm. FTIR spectrum illustrated the functionalizing of CuO with S. aromaticum phytochemicals, whereas FE-SEM and HR-TEM micrographs demonstrate the intricate nanostructure of the NPs. The SAED signals provide further confirmation of the crystalline structure. The clear existence of a well-defined absorption peak at 276 nm and an energy band gap of 3.58 eV undeniably confirms the effective synthesis of CuO NPs. Furthermore, the synthesized nanoparticles showed exceptional capability in degrading the resilient pollutant Congo red dye. By applying a dosage of 200 mg L–1, a remarkable 97% removal of Congo red dye (100 mg L–1) was achieved after 100 min following the pseudo-first-order kinetics.