Advancing coral micropropagation for coral restoration and reef engineering

In the face of escalating threats posed by human-induced climate change, urgent attention to coral reef restoration is imperative due to ongoing reef degradation. Here, we explored the potential of generating coral micropropagates as a tool to rapidly generate coral tissue for reef restoration and reef engineering. We developed a hypersalinity-induced polyp bailout protocol and a simple attachment device to support the growth of micropropagates on commonly used restoration substrates. We found that hypersalinity induction, at a rate of < 1 ppt hr -1 , produced healthy micropropagates of the coral Stylophora pistillata . The highest attachment success (∼74%) was achieved in CaCO 3 substrate devices, which outperformed PVC (∼5%) and Portland cement (∼48%). Settled micropropagates displayed rapid growth rates on both CaCO 3 (0.037 mm 2 /day ± 0.002 SE) and PVC (0.057 mm 2 /day ± 0.008 SE) substrates, while Portland cement induced tissue degradation. Our study provides a detailed methodology for reliably generating, attaching, and growing coral micropropagates and underscores the potential of polyp bailout as a viable technique supporting coral restoration and reef engineering efforts.