Giardiasis: Diagnosis, Pathogenesis And Treatment

Giardiasis has become a worldwide health problem and it is the most frequent cause of diarrhea in both pediatric and adults’ patients. Ingestion of cysts directly or indirectly via the fecal-oral route is the main mode of transmission. The laboratory diagnosis of Giardia spp. primarily relies on identifying microscopic cysts or trophozoites in stool samples. Additionally, various immunological assays and molecular methods are available for diagnosing giardiasis. The infection stimulates the immune system, leading to increased production of immunoglobulins and cytokines. Generally, metronidazole, nitazoxanide and tinidazole are the preferred drugs for treating giardiasis. This review summarizes existing literature on giardiasis, covering diagnosis, pathogenesis, management, and treatment.