The superconformal index of half-BPS states in <a:math xmlns:a="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><a:mrow><a:mi mathvariant="script">N</a:mi><a:mo>=</a:mo><a:mn>4</a:mn></a:mrow></a:math> supersymmetric Yang-Mills with gauge group <d:math xmlns:d="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><d:mrow><d:mi mathvariant="normal">U</d:mi><d:mo stretchy="false">(</d:mo><d:mi>N</d:mi><d:mo stretchy="false">)</d:mo></d:mrow></d:math> admits an expansion in terms of giant gravitons, <i:math xmlns:i="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><i:mrow><i:msub><i:mrow><i:mi mathvariant="script">I</i:mi></i:mrow><i:mrow><i:mi>N</i:mi></i:mrow></i:msub><i:mo stretchy="false">(</i:mo><i:mi>q</i:mi><i:mo stretchy="false">)</i:mo><i:mo>=</i:mo><i:msub><i:mrow><i:mi mathvariant="script">I</i:mi></i:mrow><i:mrow><i:mi>∞</i:mi></i:mrow></i:msub><i:mo stretchy="false">(</i:mo><i:mi>q</i:mi><i:mo stretchy="false">)</i:mo><i:msubsup><i:mrow><i:mo>∑</i:mo></i:mrow><i:mrow><i:mi>m</i:mi><i:mo>=</i:mo><i:mn>0</i:mn></i:mrow><i:mrow><i:mi>∞</i:mi></i:mrow></i:msubsup><i:msup><i:mrow><i:mi>q</i:mi></i:mrow><i:mrow><i:mi>m</i:mi><i:mi>N</i:mi></i:mrow></i:msup><i:msub><i:mrow><i:mover accent="true"><i:mrow><i:mi mathvariant="script">I</i:mi></i:mrow><i:mrow><i:mo stretchy="false">^</i:mo></i:mrow></i:mover></i:mrow><i:mrow><i:mi>m</i:mi></i:mrow></i:msub><i:mo stretchy="false">(</i:mo><i:mi>q</i:mi><i:mo stretchy="false">)</i:mo></i:mrow></i:math>, where <v:math xmlns:v="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><v:mi>m</v:mi></v:math> is the number of giant gravitons and <x:math xmlns:x="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><x:msub><x:mi mathvariant="script">I</x:mi><x:mi>∞</x:mi></x:msub><x:mo stretchy="false">(</x:mo><x:mi>q</x:mi><x:mo stretchy="false">)</x:mo></x:math> is the graviton index. The expansion can be viewed as the implementation of trace relations for finite <cb:math xmlns:cb="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><cb:mi>N</cb:mi></cb:math>. We derive this expansion directly in supergravity from the class of half-BPS solutions due to Lin, Lunin, and Maldacena in type IIB supergravity. The moduli space of these configurations can be quantized using covariant quantization methods. We show how this quantization leads to the precise expression for the expansion in terms of giant gravitons. Our proposal provides a derivation of the giant graviton expansion directly in terms of quantized supergravity degrees of freedom, and it recovers discrete data via quantum geometries that are classically nonsmooth. Published by the American Physical Society 2024
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