Effects of dietary astaxanthin on immune status and lipid metabolism in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata)

Astaxanthin (AX) is a carotenoid known to have one of the highest documented antioxidant capacities and has attracted considerable scientific and commercial interest. The incorporation of AX into aquaculture practices has been associated with improved pigmentation, modulation of the immune and endocrine systems, stress reduction, reproductive efficiency and general fish health. This study describes the effects of dietary AX (0, control, 20, 100 and 500 mg kg