Recently, various environmental issues have frequently occurred, mainly attributed to increased air, river, and sea pollution, large-scale land degradation, a sharp reduction of forest area, a threat to biodiversity, etc. Simultaneously, excessive emissions of greenhouse gases lead to global warming, significantly increasing the frequency and intensity of natural disasters.Land, freshwater bodies, and oceans are being overexploited for food production, infrastructure, industry, and human settlements [1][2][3].Up to 400 million tons of heavy metals, solvents, toxic sludge, and other industrial wastes are released annually into the world's waters.Urbanization and industrialization have led to many negative impacts on ecosystems and human health, which seriously endanger the quality of human life.
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Zhang et al. (2024) studied this question.
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