Zooming in on the Circumgalactic Medium with GIBLE: Tracing the Origin and Evolution of Cold Clouds

We use the GIBLE suite of cosmological zoom-in simulations of Milky Way-like galaxies with additional super-Lagrangian refinement in the circumgalactic medium (CGM) to quantify the origin and evolution of CGM cold gas clouds. The origin of z\,$=$\,$0$ clouds can be traced back to recent (\,$2$\,Gyr) outflows from the central galaxy (~\,45\,$%$), condensation out of the hot phase of the CGM in the same time frame (~\,45\,$%$), and to a lesser degree to satellite galaxies (\,5\,$%$). We find that in-situ condensation results from rapid cooling around local over-densities primarily seeded by the dissolution of the previous generation of clouds into the hot halo. About \,10\,$%$ of the cloud population is long lived, with their progenitors having already assembled ~\,$2$\,Gyr ago. Collective cloud-cloud dynamics are crucial to their evolution, with coalescence and fragmentation events occurring frequently (\,20\,Gyr⁻¹). These interactions are modulated by non-vanishing pressure imbalances between clouds and their interface layers. The gas content of clouds is in a constant state of flux, with clouds and their surroundings exchanging mass at a rate of \,10³\,M_\,Myr⁻¹, depending on cloud relative velocity and interface vorticity. Furthermore, we find that a net magnetic tension force acting against the density gradient is capable of inhibiting cloud-background mixing. Our results show that capturing the distinct origins of cool CGM clouds, together with their physical evolution, requires high-resolution, cosmological galaxy formation simulations with both stellar and supermassive black hole feedback-driven outflows.