Optimized Extraction and Characterization of Allicin from Snow Mountain Garlic and its Anticancer Potential via Allicin-loaded CuO Nanoparticles

This study aimed to optimize the extraction and purification of allicin and to characterize allicin-loaded CuO nanoparticles for potential anticancer applications. Initially, various solvents, including MilliQ water, methanol at different concentrations, and phosphate buffer at varying pH levels, were tested to maximize the yield and purity of allicin. The extraction efficiency was evaluated by measuring the absorbance at 244 nm using UV spectrophotometry. The highest extraction efficiency was achieved with MilliQ water (0.92 ± 0.03) and 40% methanol (0.89 ± 0.05). Additionally, phosphate buffer pH 2.5 in 40% methanol also demonstrated good efficiency (0.86 ± 0.04). Following extraction, the allicin was purified using a glass column to remove impurities, ensuring a high degree of purity for subsequent applications. The chemical structure and purity of the purified allicin were confirmed using fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). To enhance the stability and bioavailability of allicin, allicin-loaded CuO nanoparticles were formulated. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis revealed a mean particle size of 125 nm, while zeta potential measurements indicated a surface charge of -21.74 mV, suggesting good stability. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) provided detailed insights into the morphology and structure of the nanoparticles. The successful optimization of allicin extraction and purification, coupled with the characterization of allicin-loaded nanoparticles, paves the way for their potential application in cancer therapy. The enhanced stability and bioavailability of allicin through nanoparticle formulation hold promise for improving its therapeutic efficacy against cancer. Further studies are warranted to explore the anticancer activity of these nanoparticles in biological systems.