A Review: Genetic Improvement in Tolerance to Abiotic Stresses in Maize (Zea mays L.) with effects, Resistance Mechanism and Management

Maize (Zea mays L.) is a vital crop globally, but its productivity is significantly hampered by abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, heat, and nutrient deficiency.This review explores genetic strategies aimed at enhancing maize tolerance to these stresses, encompassing their effects on growth, elucidation of resistance mechanisms, and management practices.Abiotic stresses disrupt physiological processes crucial for maize development, leading to substantial yield losses.Understanding the inherent resistance mechanisms, including osmotic adjustment and antioxidant defense systems, provides a basis for genetic improvement.Traditional breeding, marker-assisted selection (MAS), and transgenic approaches offer avenues for developing stress-tolerant varieties.Additionally, agronomic practices like irrigation management and soil amendments complement genetic strategies, enhancing maize resilience.However, through concerted efforts in genetic improvement, management practices, and technology adoption, maize growers can enhance crop resilience and mitigate the adverse effects of abiotic stresses.This review has highlighted key insights and strategies for managing abiotic stresses in maize cultivation. HIGHLIGHTSm Incorporating stress-responsive genes helps maize plants develop robust defense mechanisms.m Activation of stress-related genes and synthesis of protective compounds aid in stress adaptation.m Optimal practices like irrigation, nutrient management, and pest control support stress-tolerant maize cultivation.m Improved yields, stability, and lower input costs benefit farmers and promote sustainability.m Advancements in genetic enhancement offer promising prospects for developing superior stresstolerant maize varieties.