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ABSTRACT: Rock slope stability is a major concern in mega engineering projects, and it has been a major focus of engineering geology for over three centuries. The toppling failure mode is considered as one of the most complex and challenging to stabilize. The complexity of slope failures increases with a combination of mechanisms and the presence of different geological units and structures. Numerical modeling is a powerful tool for analyzing and simulating rock slope stability. This paper aims to assess and propose stabilization methods for toppling failure and complex toppling failure, using numerical modeling software FLAC 2D. The paper introduces a technique for assessing toppling failure in alternating soft-hard rock bands during adverse conditions and proposes innovative stabilization methods based on simulation effects. The results suggest that numerical modeling software can effectively assess toppling failure, design support, and reinforcement methods, and help predict and reduce the risk of slope collapse in toppling zones through appropriate stabilization techniques. 1. INTRODUCTION The stability of rock slopes, as explained by Hoek (1981), is a critical aspect of numerous geotechnical engineering endeavors, owing to their susceptibility to failure triggered by diverse factors such as geological conditions (Wyllie and Mah, 2004), environmental forces, and material properties. Rock slope failures can result in severe consequences, encompassing loss of life, infrastructure damage, and economic disruption (Evans, 2006). For over three centuries, engineering geology has been truly involved in investigating slope stability, which delineates capacity of a slope to withstand internal and external forces without collapsing (Azarafza, 2021). This aspect remains a captivating and expansive domain, encompassing various manifestations of rock and soil failures, as expounded by Li (2022). Ensuring the safety of individuals and structures necessitates the deployment of dependable and precise methods for assessing rock slope stability. Understanding the prevailing failure mechanisms and delineating stable and unstable zones within a slope are pivotal prerequisites for accurate assessment (Mat, 2023). Hoek (1981) categorizes simplified failure modes into four types: plane, wedge, circular, and toppling.
Ashraf et al. (Sun,) studied this question.