Deriving a Sustainability Index for EF Emissions and Carbon Footprint for the Telecom Industry

This research examines the evolving emission standards for 5G base stations compared to their 4G counterparts, focusing on the imminent implementation of massive Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) 5G base stations over the next two years. As 5G technologies have become integral to global connectivity, concerns regarding hazard levels, primarily from the exponential growth of 5G handsets and base stations, prompt a critical examination of emission standards. The study Investigates whether the emission standards for 4G base stations, particularly the public exposure requirement of 0.45 W/m², will be maintained with the introduction of massive MIMO 5G technologies. Considering the expansion of milli-level antennas and power-intensive 5G devices, the research extrapolates industry trends to predict emission standards in 2025. India, currently in a 5-7 year 5G rollout plan expected to conclude by 2028, faces the challenge of upholding emission standards amid increasing technological demands. The results contribute to an overall sustainability index, providing a holistic perspective on the environmental impact of 5G base stations. The findings are crucial for policymakers, industry stakeholders, and the public, aiding informed decision-making.