Effective grand-canonical description of condensation in negative-temperature regimes

The observation of negative-temperature states in the localized phase of the the Discrete Nonlinear Schr\"odinger (DNLS) equation has challenged statistical mechanics for a long time. For isolated systems, they can emerge as stationary extended states through a large-deviation mechanism occurring for finite sizes, while they are formally unstable in grand-canonical setups, being associated to an unlimited growth of the condensed fraction. Here, we show that negative-temperature states in open setups are metastable but their lifetime τ is exponentially long with the temperature, τ ≈ exp(λ |T|) (for $T<0$ and λ>0). More precisely, we find that condensation on a given site (i.e. emergence of a tall discrete breather) can advance only once a critical mass has been accumulated therein. This result has been obtained by combining the development of an effective grand-canonical formalism with the implementation of suitable heat baths. A general expression for λ is obtained in the case of a simplified stochastic model of non-interacting particles. In the DNLS model, the presence of an adiabatic invariant, makes λ even larger because of the resulting freezing of the breather dynamics. This mechanism, based on the existence of two conservation laws, provides a new perspective over the statistical description of condensation processes.