Epidemic spreading on community networks with heterogeneity considering higher-order interactions

Real networks often exhibit community structures, while community networks often have heterogeneity. Group interactions beyond pairwise interactions can adequately characterize the high-order features in the propagation process. In this paper, we construct a community network with heterogeneity which can reflect the heterogeneity among communities. According to the proposed model, high-order interactions are introduced to study the impact of heterogeneity among communities and higher-order interactions on epidemic dynamics. It is shown that heterogeneity among communities and high-order interactions will have an impact on the propagation speed, propagation threshold and final propagation scale.