Optimizing Diets among Swedish Adolescents for Adequate Nutrition and Climate Impact with a Focus on Vitamin D Intake Using Linear Programming

National food survey data indicate that adequate intake of certain nutrients can be a challenge for Swedish adolescents. This challenge may become even greater with the need to decrease the carbon footprint of our diets. Vitamin D is of particular concern due to the relatively high climate impact of important sources, e.g., certain fatty fish. Also, the high consumption of milk and yoghurt among adolescents (both vitamin D fortified in Sweden by law) contributes significantly to dietary greenhouse gas emissions (GHGEs). Our aim was to investigate dietary changes necessary for Swedish adolescents to meet the recommended intake (RI) of vitamin D while achieving RIs for all other nutrients and GHGE targets.