Real-Time Spatiotemporal Denoising Volumetric Rendering in Three-Dimensional Visualization of Puncturing Navigation

Abstract In medical diagnosis and surgical treatment, particularly in tumor puncturing surgeries, the importance of three-dimensional visualization of medical data is increasingly recognized. Traditional two-dimensional imaging techniques are limited in spatial and depth perception. This study introduces a novel real-time spatiotemporal denoising volumetric rendering technique aimed at enhancing three-dimensional visualization in puncturing navigation systems. By analyzing existing volumetric rendering methods, a spatiotemporal filtering approach is proposed. This approach filters images rendered with one sample per pixel by calculating inter-frame motion vectors in the time domain and utilizing auxiliary features in the spatial domain. It effectively reduces the noise from Monte Carlo estimations and enhances the clarity of three-dimensional organ structures. This technique achieves real-time performance exceeding 30 Hz on commercial-grade Graphics Processing Units (GPUs). The real-time spatiotemporal denoising volumetric rendering significantly enhances the three-dimensional visualization quality in puncturing navigation systems, achieving a balance between high-quality rendering and real-time performance, meeting clinical needs. This technology also has broad application potential in medical training, surgical simulation, and remote collaboration.